西门子1FL2103-2AG00-1HC0 S200 200V低惯量型电机

Legal framework

Machine manufacturers and plant construction companies must ensure that their machines or plants cannot cause danger due to malfunctions in addition to the general risks of electric shock, heat or radiation.

In Europe, for example, compliance with the Machinery Directive 2006/42/EC is legally stipulated by the EU framework directive for occupational safety. In order to ensure compliance with this directive, it is recommended that the corresponding harmonized European standards are applied. This triggers the "assumption of conformity" and gives manufacturers and operators the legal security in terms of compliance with both national regulations and EU directives. The machine manufacturer uses the CE marking to document compliance with all relevant directives and regulations in the free movement of goods.

Safety-related standards

Functional safety is specified in various standards. For example, ISO 12100 specifies standards pertaining to machine safety (risk assessment and risk reduction). IEC 61508 specifies basic re for electronic and programmable safety-related systems. IEC 62061 (only applicable for electrical and electronic control systems) and ISO 13849-1 define the functional and safety-related re of safety-oriented control systems.

The above-mentioned standards define different safety re that the machine has to satisfy in accordance with the risk potential, frequency of a dangerous situation, probability of occurrence and the opportunities for recognizing impending danger.

ISO 13849-1: Performance Level PL a ... e; Category B, 1 ... 4

IEC 62061: Safety Integrity Level SIL 1 ... 3

Trend toward integrated safety systems

The trend toward greater complexity and higher modularity of machines has seen a shift in safety functions away from the classical central safety functions (for example, shutdown of the complete machine using a main disconnecting means) and into the machine control system and the drives. This is often accompanied by a significant increase in productivity because the setup times are shortened. Depending on the type of machine, it may even be possible to continue manufacturing other parts while the setup is in progress.

Integrated safety functions act much faster than those of a conventional design. The safety of a machine is increased further with Safety Integrated. Furthermore, thanks to the faster method of operation, safety measures controlled by integrated safety systems are perceived as less of a hindrance by the machine operator, therefore significantly reducing the motivation to consciously bypass safety functions.

功能Safety functions integral to the SINAMICS drives

SINAMICS drives are characterized by a large number of Safety Integrated Functions. In combination with the sensors and safety control required for the safety functionality, they ensure that highly-effective protection for persons and machines is implemented in a practice-oriented manner.

They comply with the re of the following safety categories:

PL e and category 3or 4 according to ISO 13849‑1

SIL 3 according to IEC 61508 and IEC 

Note:

For Safe Brake Test (SBT) diagnostic function meets the re for Category 2 according to ISO 13849-1.

 

The Safety Integrated Functions are generally certified by independent institutes. You can obtain the corresponding test certificates and manufacturer's declarations from your Siemens contacts.

The Safety Integrated Functions that are currently available are described below. Their functional safety satisfies the re defined in the international standard IEC  for variable-speed drive systems.

The safety functions integrated into the SINAMICS drive system can be roughly divided into three categories:

Functions for safely stopping a drive

Safe Torque Off (STO)

Safe Stop 1 (SS1)

Safe Stop 2 (SS2)

Safe Operating Stop (SOS)

Functions for safe brake management

Safe Brake Control (SBC)

Safe Brake Test (SBT) (this diagnostic function exceeds the scope of IEC )

Functions for safely monitoring the motion of a drive

Safely-Limited Speed (SLS)

Safe Speed Monitor (SSM)

Safe Direction (SDI)

Safely-Limited Acceleration (SLA)

Functions for safely monitoring the temperature of a drive

Safe Motor Temperature (SMT)

Safe Torque Off (STO)

The STO function is the most common and basic drive-integrated safety function. It ensures that no tor energy can continue to affect a motor and prevents unintentional start-ups.

Effect

This function is a mechanism that prevents the drive from restarting unexpectedly, in accordance with IEC 60204-1, Section 5.4. The STO function suppresses the drive pulses (corresponds to Stop Category 0 according to IEC 60204-1). The drive is reliably tor This state is monitored internally in the drive.

Application

STO has the immediate effect that the drive cannot supply any tor energy. STO can be used wherever the drive will naturally reach a standstill due to load torque or friction in a sufficiently short time or when "coasting down" of the drive will not have any relevance for safety.

STO makes it possible for persons to work safely when the protective door is open (restart interlock) and is used on machines/installations with moving axes, e.g. on handling or conveyor systems.

Customer benefits

Some of the advantages of the integrated STO safety function over conventional safety technology with electromechanical switchgear include the elimination of separate components as well as of the work that would be required to wire and service them, i.e. no wearing parts as a result of the electronic shutdown. Because of the fast electronic switching times, the function provides a shorter reaction time than the conventional solution comprising electromechanical components. When STO is triggered, the converter remains connected to the network and can be fully diagnosed.

Safe Stop 1 (SS1) and Safe Stop 1 with external stop (SS1E)

The SS1 function causes a motor to stop rapidly and safely and switches the motor to tor mode after coming to a standstill by activating STO.

Effect

The SS1 function can safely stop the drive in accordance with IEC 60204-1, Stop Category 1. When the SS1 function is selected, the drive brakes autonomously along a ramp and automatically activates the Safe Torque Off and Safe Brake Control functions (if configured) when the parameterized safety delay time expires.

If "SS1 with external stop (SS1E)" is used, the drive does not brake autonomously when the function is selected. In this case, the higher-level control must bring the drive to a standstill within a parameterized STO transition time. SS1E is a useful function for drives that need to be stopped as a group by the Motion Control system in order to prevent potential damage to the machine or product.

Application

The SS1 function is used when, in the event of a safety-relevant incident, the drive must stop as as possible with a subsequent transition into the STO state (e.g. EMERGENCY STOP). It is thus used to bring large centrifugal masses to a stop as as possible for the safety of the operating personnel, or to brake motors at high speeds as as possible. Examples of typical applications are saws, grinding machine spindles, centrifuges, winders and storage and retrieval machines.

Customer benefits

The targeted stopping of a drive by means of SS1 reduces the risk of danger, increases the productivity of a machine, and allows the safety clearances in a machine to be reduced. The principle is to bring the drive actively to a standstill, compared with just using the STO function. Complex mechanical brakes that are susceptible to wear are normally not required to brake the motor.

Safe Stop 2 (SS2) and Safe Stop 2 with external stop (SS2E)

The SS2 function brings the motor to a standstill and safely and then activates the SOS function once the motor has stopped.

Effect

The Safe Stop 2 function can safely stop the drive in accordance with IEC 60204-1, Stop Category 2. When the SS2 function is selected, the drive brakes autonomously along a quick stop ramp. In contrast to SS1, the drive control remains operational afterwards, i.e. the motor can supply the full torque required to maintain zero speed. Standstill is safely monitored (Safe Operating Stop function).

If SS2 with external stop (SS2E) is used, the drive does not brake autonomously when the function is selected. In this case, the higher-level control must bring the drive to a standstill within a parameterized SOS (Safe Operating Stop) transition time. SS2E is a useful function for drives that need to be stopped as a group by the Motion Control system in order to prevent potential damage to the machine or product.

Application

As with SS1, the SS2 function ensures the possible deceleration of the motor. However, the motor power is not switched off. Instead, a control system prevents it from leaving the standstill position – even if it is affected by external forces. Typical applications for SS2 include machine tools, for example.

Customer benefits

The SS2 function ensures a rapid axis stop. Because the control remains active, after the safety function is deselected, productive operation can continue without referencing. This ensures short setup and standstill times and high productivity.

Safe Operating Stop (SOS)

With the SOS function, the stopped motor is held in position by the drive control system and its position is monitored.

Effect

The SOS function constitutes safe standstill monitoring. The drive control remains in operation. The motor can therefore deliver the full torque to hold the current position. The actual position is reliably monitored. In contrast to safety functions SS1 and SS2, the speed setpoint is not influenced autonomously. After SOS has been activated, the higher-level control must bring the drive to a standstill within a parameterized time and then hold the position setpoint.

Application

SOS is an ideal solution for all those applications for which the machine or parts of the machine must be at a safe standstill for certain steps, but the drive must also supply a holding torque. It is ensured that despite counter torque the drive remains in its current position. In contrast to SS1 and SS2, the drive does not brake autonomously in this case. It expects the higher-level controller to ramp down the relevant axes as a coordinated group within an adjustable delay time. This can be used to prevent any damage to the machine or product. Typical applications for SOS include winders, converting and packaging machines and machine tools.

Customer benefits

No mechanical components are necessary to keep the axis in position despite any counterforce that may occur. Due to the short switching times and the fact that the drive control always remains active, setup and downtimes are reduced. Recalibration of the axis after exiting the SOS function is not necessary. The axis can immediately be moved again after deactivation of the SOS function.

Safe Brake Control (SBC)

The SBC function permits the safe control of a holding brake. SBC is always activated in parallel with STO.

Effect

A holding brake which is active in a de-energized state is controlled and monitored using safe two-channel technology. Due to the two-channel control, the brake may still be activated in the event of an insulation fault in the control cable. Errors of this kind are detected early by means of test pulses.

Note:

Safe Brake Control does not detect mechanical faults in the brake itself, such as worn brake linings. For Motor Modules in booksize format, the terminals for the motor brake are integrated. An additional Safe Brake Relay is required for Power Modules in blocksize format. An additional Safe Brake Adapter is necessary for Power Modules in chassis format.

Application

The SBC function is used in conjunction with the functions STO or SS1 to prevent the movement of an axis in the tor state, e.g. because of gravity.

Customer benefits

Again, the function saves the use of external hardware and the associated wiring.

Safe Brake Test (SBT)

The SBT diagnostic function carries out a brake function test at regular intervals or before personnel enter the danger zone.

Effect

A good way to check the proper functioning of brakes that have become worn is to apply a torque to the closed brake. Drive systems that have two brakes, e.g. motor brake and external brake, can be tested with different torque values.

Application

The SBT diagnostic function is suitable for implementing a safe brake in combination with the SBC function.

Customer benefits

The function detects faults or wear in the brake mechanics. Automatically testing the effectiveness of brakes reduces maintenance costs and increases the safety and availability of the machine or plant.

Safely-Limited Speed (SLS)

The SLS function monitors the drive to ensure that it does not exceed a preset speed or velocity limit.

Effect

The SLS function monitors the drive against a parameterized speed limit. Four different limit values can be selected. As in the case of SOS, the speed setpoint is not influenced independently. After SLS has been selected, the higher-level control must bring the drive down below the selected speed limit within a parameterizable time. If the speed limit is exceeded, a customizable drive-integrated fault reaction occurs.

The SLS limit stage 1 can be multiplied by a factor that is transferred in 16-bit resolution via PROFIsafe. This allows an almost unlimited number of limits to be specified.

Application

The SLS function is used if people are in the danger zone of a machine and their safety can only be guaranteed by reduced speed. Typical application cases include those in which an operator must enter the danger zone of the machine for the purposes of maintenance or setting up, such as a winder in which the material is manually threaded by the operator. To prevent injury to the operator, the roller may only spin at a safely reduced speed. SLS is often also used as part of a two-stage safety concept. While a person is in a less critical zone, the SLS function is activated, and the drives are only stopped safely in a smaller area with higher potential risk. SLS can be used not only for operator protection, but also for machinery protection, e.g. if a maximum speed must not be exceeded.

Customer benefits

The SLS function can contribute to a significant reduction in downtime, or greatly simplify or even accelerate setup. The overall effect achieved is a higher availability of the machine. Moreover, external components such as speed monitors can be omitted.

Safe Speed Monitor (SSM)

The SSM function warns when a drive is working below an adjustable speed limit. As long as it remains below the threshold, the function issues a safety-related signal.

Effect

If a speed value drops below a parameterized limit, a safety-related signal is generated. This can, for example, be processed in a safety control unit to respond to the event by programming, depending on the situation.

Application

With the SSM function, in the simplest case, a safety door can be unlocked if the speed drops below a non-critical level. Another typical example is that of a centrifuge that may be filled only when it is operating below a configured speed limit.

Customer benefits

Unlike SLS, there is no drive-integrated fault reaction when the speed limit is exceeded. The safe feedback can be evaluated in a safety control unit, allowing the user to respond appropriately to the situation.

Safe Direction (SDI)

The SDI function ensures that the drive can only move in the selected direction.

Effect

Deviation from the direction of motion currently being monitored is detected reliably and the configured drive-integrated fault reaction is initiated. It is possible to select which direction of rotation is to be monitored.

Application

The SDI function is used when the drive may only move in one direction. A typical application is to permit the operator access to a danger zone, as long as the machine is rotating in the safe direction, i.e. away from the operator. In this state, the operator can feed material into the work zone or remove material from the work zone without danger.

Customer benefits

The function saves the use of external components such as speed monitors and the associated wiring. The release of a danger zone while the machine is moving away from the operator increases productivity. Without the SDI function, the machine must be safely stopped during material loading and removal.

Safely-Limited Acceleration (SLA)

The SLA function monitors that the drive does not exceed a preset acceleration limit value.

Effect

The SLA function monitors that the motor does not violate the defined acceleration limit (e.g. in setup mode). SLA detects early on whether the speed is increasing at an inadmissible rate (the drive accelerates uncontrollably) and initiates the stop response.

Application

The SLA function is used, e.g., for SIMATIC Safe Kinematics. SLA can only be used in safety systems with an encoder.

Customer benefits

The function monitors for maximum permissible acceleration in setup mode and safe monitoring of the tool center point with different kinematics.

Safe Motor Temperature (SMT)

Safe Motor Temperature (SMT) prevents the motor temperature from exceeding a specified limit.

Effect

SMT works in conjunction with the signal from a PTC thermistor of type A in accordance with IEC 60947‑8 and DIN VDE 0898‑1‑401. When the limit temperature specific to the PTC thermistor is exceeded, the thermistor's electrical resistance increases suddenly. This is securely recorded by the SMT function and STO (Safe Torque Off) is triggered as the subsequent response. This ensures that the motor does not receive any more energy from the converter, and the motor temperature cannot increase further.

Application

SMT is used to protect against overtemperature of a motor in explosive environments (ATEX), e.g. in the chemical industry, in paper mills, or in paint shops.

Customer benefits

This function obviates the need for external components such as thermistor motor protection relays and the associated wiring investment and space demands in the control cabinet. Motor protection is strictly required in ATEX applications. The SMT function makes it easy to integrate such re so they are implemented in the drive.

Basic Functions and Extended Functions

With SINAMICS S drives the safety functions are implemented with encoders - individual safety functions can also be operated without encoders.

The Safety Integrated Functions are grouped into Basic Functions and Extended Functions.

The Basic Functions are included in the standard scope of supply.
The Extended Functions must be activated by a license.

The electronic license certificate is the paperless type of delivery for runtime options with SINAMICS. It contains information about the type of usage rights obtained with the software.

Basic Functions

Safe Torque Off (STO)

Safe Brake Control (SBC)

Safe Stop 1 (SS1)

Safe Stop 1 with external stop (SS1E)

Safe Motor Temperature (SMT)

Extended Functions

Safe Stop 1 with external stop (SS1E) with SBR or SAM

Safe Stop 1 (SS1) with SBR or SAM

Safe Stop 2 with external stop (SS2E)

Safe Stop 2 (SS2)

Safe Operating Stop (SOS)

Safely-Limited Speed (SLS)

Safe Speed Monitor (SSM)

Safe Direction (SDI)

Safely-Limited Acceleration (SLA)

Safe Brake Test (SBT) diagnostic function

For the Extended Functions SS1 and SS2 with SAM, Safe Acceleration Monitor (SAM) is performed during braking to identify any faults already during the braking phase.

With SS1 and SS2, a Safe Brake Ramp (SBR) can be configured as an alternative.

The Basic Functions – activated via on-board terminals on the device or via PROFIsafe – do not require an encoder.

Activation of the integrated safety functions

The safety functions for SINAMICS drives can be activated via terminals, e.g. for use of a conventional safety circuit.

For standalone safety solutions for small to medium-sized applications, it is fre sufficient that the various sensing components are directly hardwired to the drive.

For integrated safety solutions, the safety-relevant se are generally processed and coordinated in the fail-safe SIMATIC controller. Here, the system components communicate via the PROFINET or PROFIBUS fieldbus. The safety functions are controlled via the safe PROFIsafe communication protocol.

SINAMICS drives can be easily integrated into the plant or system topology.

PROFIsafe

SINAMICS drives support the PROFIsafe profile based on PROFINET as well as on PROFIBUS.

PROFIsafe is an open communications standard that supports standard and safety-related communication over the same communication path (wired or wireless). A second, separate bus system is therefore not necessary. The s that are sent are continually monitored to ensure safety-relevant communication.

Possible errors such as s that have been lost, repeated or received in the incorrect sequence are avoided. This is done by consecutively numbering the s in a safety-relevant fashion, monitoring their reception within a defined time and transferring an ID for transmitter and receiver of a . A CRC (cyclic redundancy check) data security mechanism is also used.

The operating principle of Safety Integrated

Two independent switch-off signal paths

Two independent switch-off signal paths are available. All switch-off signal paths are low active. This ensures that the system is always switched to a safe state if a component fails or in the event of cable breakage. If a fault is discovered in the switch-off signal paths, the STO or SS1 function (depending on parameter settings) is activated and a system restart inhibited.

Two-channel monitoring structure

All the main hardware and software functions for Safety Integrated are implemented in two independent monitoring channels (e.g. switch-off signal paths, data management, data comparison). A cyclic crosswise comparison of the safety-relevant data in the two monitoring channels is carried out.

The monitoring functions in each monitoring channel work on the principle that a defined state must prevail before each action is carried out and a specific acknowledgement must be made after each action. If these expectations of a monitoring channel are not fulfilled, the drive coasts to a standstill (two channels) and an appropriate message is output.

Internal self-test

To meet the re of ISO 13849-1 and IEC 61508 in terms of timely error detection, the SINAMICS performs an internal self-test.

The internal self-test checks the shutdown paths for Safe Torque Off, safety functions and failsafe digital inputs and outputs cyclically.

The self-test does not require user interaction and does not influence the operation of the SINAMICS.

Safe speed/position sensing with encoder

Safe actual value sensing with encoder

Incremental encoders or absolute encoders can be used for safe sensing of the position values on a drive.

Safe actual value sensing relies on redundant evaluation of the incremental tracks A/B that supply sin/cos signals of 1 Vpp. Only encoders of the type whose A/B track signals are created and processed using purely analogues can be used.

As an alternative, motors with an integrated DRIVE-CLi can be used. The speed or position actual values are generated directly in the motor as safe values and are transferred to the Control Unit over safe communication via.

Certified built-on rotary encoders with DRIVE-CLi may also be used (see
ocument/65402168).

The encoder must be mechanically attached in such a manner that the encoder shaft is unable to unplug or slide off. For notes on this, see IEC : 2016, Table D.16.

A list of Siemens motors that fulfill the electrical and mechanical re is available at:
ocument/33512621

Safe encoder system

Example: Safe encoder system

The motor encoder is used exclusively for safe actual value sensing.

The safety functions are listed below with criteria for actual value sensing: